Labor Costs 



The calculations for labor costs presented in Table 2 are 

 straightforward, being merely the average wage rates on a per 

 hour basis for the normal 7.5 hour workday.!/ In those cases 

 where a premium or piece rate was paid, the wage rates were 

 based on estimated hourly averages for grader/packers for each 

 packing line. 



Table 2. Average daily direct labor costs -- Mcintosh apple 

 hand grading and packing. 



IPM ~~ 



Grader/Packers 5.8^ each @ $3.42 x 7.5 hrs. $148.77 



Supervisor/Carton Handlers 1.2^ each (? $6.29 x 7.5 



hrs . 56.61 



Total Direct Labor Costs $205.38 



Control 



Grader/Packers 5 each @ $3.42 x 7.5 hrs. $128.25 



Supervisor/Carton Handlers 1.2 each @ $6.29 x 7.5 



hrs . 56 . 61 



Total Direct Labor Costs $184.86 



^Fractional number of workers is due to averaging data from all 

 sampled packing houses. 



Comparative Results 



After computing average labor requirements and costs, a 

 comparison was made based on the number of bushels of fruit dumped 

 and packed. In every case, the grader/packer cost for IPM fruit 

 exceeded the cost for control fruit. This caused total direct 

 packing costs to be higher for IPM apples in each case. Super- 

 visor/carton handler costs, on the other hand, were less for IPM 

 apples. This stems from the fact that the control packing lines 

 had less grader/packers working and therefore dumped fewer apples. 



-'The direct labor costs used here do not include fringe benefits, 

 taxes or insurance payments. 



