a deep f r 

 herbicide 

 broadleaf 

 more, mat 

 had been 

 f er ed win 

 subs tant i 

 from wint 

 establish 

 weed grow 

 growth un 

 issue of 



eeze and 

 studies 

 1 eaves 

 ur e p eac 

 heavily 

 t er in j u 

 at ed tha 

 er in j ur 

 ing sod 

 th rathe 

 der f rui 

 Fruit No 



roo 

 wi t 

 inva 

 h tr 

 mul c 

 ry t 

 t a 



y- 



und e 

 r th 

 t tr 

 t es . 



t in 



h ap 



ded 



ees 



hed 



o ro 



sod 



Thus 



r f r 



an e 



ees 



15 



jury as occurred in 1979. In all of our 

 pie and peach trees, annual grassy and 

 the treated areas by late summer. Further- 

 at the Horticultural Research Center that 

 at periodic intervals since planted suf- 

 ots in 1979. Nevertheless, it is well 

 or a mulch will help protect plant roots 

 , growers have expressed interest in re- 

 uit trees and then suppressing grass and 

 liminating this growth. Suppressing weed 

 is discussed in another article in this 



************ 



SAMPLING METHODS AND PROVISIONAL ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVELS 

 FOR MAJOR APPLE INSECT AND MITE PESTS IN MASSACHUSETTS 



Ronald J. Prokopy, William M. Coli, and Robert 



Department of Entomology 



G . Hislop 



In our article on integrated management of apple insects and 

 mites in the Novemb er /December 1979 issue of Frui t Notes , we stated 

 that in a forthcoming issue, we would indicate how we make decisions 

 on need and timing of pesticide applications based on levels of 

 pest and natural enemy abundance in samples taken in IPM orchards. 

 This article presents such information. 



T 

 per e 

 and b 

 near 

 at tac 

 at ea 

 week 

 stati 

 modi f 

 outsi 

 whem 

 of th 

 leaf 

 speci 

 visua 



b r 

 very 

 enef 

 the 

 king 

 ch s 

 from 

 on , 

 ied 

 de, 

 samp 

 e t r 

 exam 

 es . 



1 or 



i e f ly re 



1-2 acr 



icial sp 



block pe 



the fru 



tat ion b 



green t 



fruit, f 



random s 



lower in 



ling for 



ee is re 



ined ser 



Each we 



pheromo 



view our s a 

 es in IPM b 

 ecies . The 

 riphery , in 

 i t immigra t 

 y a t eam of 

 ip until on 

 oliage or p 

 cheme, with 

 side , and u 

 plant- feed 

 moved durin 

 ves as a sa 

 ek the numb 

 ne traps ar 



mpling procedures, we designate 1 tree 

 locks as a sampling station for pests 



majority of sampling stations are 

 asmuch as most adults of major pests 

 e from outside the orchard. Sampling 



2-3 scouts occurs once or twice per 

 e week before harvest. At each sampling 

 runing cuts are sampled according to a 



samples divided equally among the lower 

 pper inside parts of the tree. Except 

 ing mites and mite predators, no part 

 g the sampling process. Each fruit or 

 mpling unit for a number of different 

 ers of pest insect adults captured on 

 e counted and removed. 



A key element in our decision making process is what is termed 

 the "economic threshold level" (ETL) . We consider the ETL to be 

 the pest population density at which pesticide application is recom- 

 mended to prevent the population from reaching a level capable of 

 causing economic injury (= the amount of injury we estimate would 

 justify the cost of a pesticide application). We recognize that an 



