18 



no predator eggs or larvae present, we provisionally set the ETL 

 at either 50% of the terminals infested with apple aphids (based 

 on work of Madsen and colleagues in British Columbia) or 10% of 

 the fruit with honeydew. If there are predator eggs or larvae 

 present, we base our ETL on an index of the ratio of predators/ 

 aphids . 



Woolly apple aphid . From early June through August, we sample 

 15 recent pruning cuts/sample tree/sample date for presence of 

 v7oolly apple aphids. The ETL is provisionally set at 50% of the 

 cuts infested with woolly aphids. 



White apple leafhopper . From petalfall through August, we 

 examine 30 leaves /sample tr ee / s ampl ing date for leafhopper nymphs 

 and adults. The ETL, based on work of Madsen and colleagues in 

 British Columbia, is provisionally set at 0.25 active stages/leaf. 



Spotted tentiform leafminer . From bloom through July, we 

 examine 30 fruitcluster leaves / sample tree/sample date for leaf- 

 miner mines. The ETL, based on work by Weires and Forshey in the 

 Hudson Valley of New York is set at 1.0 sap-feeding mines/leaf on 

 Mcintosh and Cortland and 3.0 sap-feeding mines/leaf on Red Deli- 

 cous for 1st generation larvae, and at 2.0 sap-feeding mines/leaf 

 on Mcintosh and Cortland and 6.0 sap-feeding mines/leaf on Red 

 Delicious for 2nd generation larvae. 



CONCLUSIONS 



As s 

 procedure 

 program w 

 tion of t 

 term valu 

 chuset t s 

 money req 

 level of 

 1-2 acres 

 scale wou 

 intensive 

 prove to 

 of our ma 

 more refi 

 and ETL's 



ugges t e 

 s and E 

 ill req 

 he vari 

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 and oth 

 uired t 

 int ensi 

 ) may t 

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or mor 

 be more 

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for ma 



d in th 

 TL's wh 

 uire CO 

 ables i 

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 urn out 

 conomic 

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optima 

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yet s t 

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e int rodu 

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 to be so 

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c t ion , many 

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 imat ely , the 

 the sampling 

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great that 

 asible . We 

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 cost-benefit 

 the 1980's i 

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of the 

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amount 



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above 

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