Frequently, 2 or more branches of approximately the same size 

 originated adjacent to each other. These whorls of branches 

 were not eliminated until their presence appeared to be suppress- 

 ing the dominance of the leader. At this time, one branch in 

 the whorl was retained and the others were removed at their point 

 of origin on the central leader. 



Figure 3. A 4-year-old Spartan/7A 

 being trained with limbs in tiers, 

 The paint, except on' the trunk, 

 marks where heading cuts were 

 made on the leader. Photographed 

 March, 1979. 



Figure 4. A 4-year-old 



Spartan/7A being trained 

 as slender spindle. Tree 

 has received a minimum 

 of pruning. The leader 

 has been pruned to an up- 

 ward growing lateral 

 branch in attempt to 

 zig-zag the leader. Photo- 

 graphed March, 1979. 



The procedure of removing the strong vertical leader during 

 dormant pruning and using a weak competitor as the new leader was 

 was not successful because it became apparent that the dominance of 

 the leader was difficult to maintain. Thus, it became necessary in 

 most instances to establish a dominant leader and delay, until dor- 

 mant pruning in 1979, the procedure of using a weak competitor as 

 the new leader (Figure 4). Limb spreaders were used when needed. 



