Nevertheless, it has been shown by this study that under 

 windy conditions in the spring, and calm conditions during mid- 

 season the low-volume Kinkelder sprayer with or without electro- 

 static cliarger in operation performed with nearly equal efficiency 

 as the dilute sprayer when used to spray small trees. The positive 

 influence of the electrostatic charger was more easily discernible 

 when used in spraying tall trees (17 feet in height) in the spring. 

 Here the Kinkelder (25X) with electrostatic charger in operation 

 performed about as efficiently as did the Hardi dilute (4X) 

 sprayer, both being superior to the Kinkelder without the use of 

 the electrostatic charger. The dilute sprayer appeared to apply 

 more evenly distributed dye coverage throughout the tall trees 

 both on May 4 and July 28 than either of the low-volume methods. 



It may not be possible to translate our findings on spray 

 coverage to actual pesticide efficacy. One might assume that the 

 best coverage will yield the best pesticide effectiveness. However, 

 this relationship may not always hold true. In a recently published 

 work. Dr. Franklin Hall of the Ohio Agricultural Research Center (1981) 

 found that no direct correlation could be made between spray de- 

 position (amount and droplet size) of Permethrin and mortality 

 of two spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch) . Until 

 more research is conducted, comparison of sprayer efficiency will 

 have to be based on a relative method such as the one utilized 

 in this study. 



Literature Cited 



1. Brann, J.L., Jr. 1964. Factors affecting the use of airblast 



sprayers. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. 1964:63-103. 



2. Hall, R.F., H.Y. Forsythe, Jr., B.M. Jones, D.L. Reichard, and 



R.D. Fox. 1975. Comparison of orchard sprayers for 

 insect and disease control on apples, 1966-69. Ohio 

 Agric. Res. Dev. Cent. Res. Bull. 1078. 22 pp. 



3. Hall, R.F., D.L. Reichard, and H.R. Krueger . 1981. Effects 



of spray volume and nozzle pressure on orchard deposits. 

 J. Econ. Ent. 74(4): 461-465. 



4. Jubb, G.L. 1980. Orchard sprayers. Unpublished manuscript. 



Penn. State University. 



5. Lewis, F.H., D. Asquith, E.R. Krestenson, and K.D. Hickey. 



1969. Calibration of airblast sprayers for use on deciduous 

 fruits. Penn. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Prog. Rept. 

 294. 16 pp. 



6. Stiener, P. 1976. Factors affecting the efficient use of 



orchard airblast sprayers. Proc. 111. Hort. Soc. 110:57-64. 



