10 

 Literature Cited 



1. Bramlage, W. J. and W. J. Lord. 1967. Watercore and internal breakdown 

 in Delicious apples. University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension 

 Service Publication No. 11. 



2. Fallahi, E., D. G. Richardson, and M. N. Westwood. 1985. Quality of 

 apple fruit from a high density orchard as influenced by rootstocks, 

 fertilizers, maturity, and storage. J. Amer. Soc . Hort . Sci. 110:71-74. 



3. Fallahi, E., D. G. Richardson, and M. N. Westwood. 1985. Influence of 

 rootstocks and fertilizers on ethylene in apple fruit during maturation 

 and storage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:149-153. 



4. Hewetson, F. N. 1944. Growth and yield of Mcintosh apple trees as 

 influenced by the use of various intermediate stem pieces. Proc . Amer. 

 Soc. Hort. Sci. 45:181-186. 



5. Lord, W. J., D. W. Greene, R. A. Damon, Jr., and J. H. Baker. 1985. 

 Effects of stempiece and rootstock combinations on growth, leaf mineral 

 concentrations, yield, and fruit quality of 'Empire' apple trees. J. 

 Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:422-425. 



6. Perry, R. L. and D. R. Dilley. 1984. The influence of interstem on 

 ripening indices of 'Empire' apples. Compact Fruit Tree 17:50-54. 



7. Wallace, T. 1930. Factors influencing the storage qualities of fruit. 

 Proc. 1^*- Imperial Horticultural Conference, London. 



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P(M10L0GICAL PARAGRAPH 



Pruning Well-feathered Trees at Planting 



William J. Lord 



Department of Plant and Soil Sciences 



University of Massachusetts 



If you receive well-feathered trees from the nursery, it is important to 

 leave as many favorably positioned branches on the trees as possible, because 

 when all but 2 or 3 branches are removed, these tend to grow very vigorously 

 and develop narrow crotch angles when growing conditions are favorable. Head 

 the trees at 39 inches, or 10 to 12 inches above the highest, useful branch, if 

 the tree is well feathered. Do not head the branches, or remove any more low 

 branches than necessary. Heading adds to the problem of excessive vigor on 

 vigorous cultivars and delays production. Low branches contribute to the total 

 leaf surface of the tree. Low branches and extra scaffold limbs can be removed 

 in subsequent years. 



