the traps. When the traps are placed beneath cano- 

 pies of large trees, arrival on traps under Massa- 

 chusetts conditions is largely or exclusively by crawl- 

 ing and not by flight. Provided there exists vegeta- 

 tion adjacent to traps, height of vegetation up to 1 

 foot does not seem to influence trap captures. 



Together, these findings suggest that under 

 Massachusetts conditions, most PCs captured in 

 unbaited Tedders traps placed in vegetation may 

 arrive at the traps more or less through accidental 

 encounters, and possibly only from very close range 

 of less than 2 yards. Success of using unbaited 

 Tedders traps for monitoring pecan vi^eevils and PCs 

 in the South may be due in part to placement of 

 traps on bare soil beneath or adjacent to orchard 

 trees. Conceivably, PCs can perceive the silhouette 

 of a Tedders trap much better when the ground be- 

 tween the PC and the trap is clean than when it 

 has vegetation. Another factor contributing to the 

 success of unbaited Tedders traps in the South could 

 be a much greater tendency for PCs in the South 

 than in the North to fly rather than crawl onto the 

 traps. Studies in Quebec have suggested that PCs 

 are much more prone to take flight when evening 

 temperatures are very warm (above 80°F, as would 

 be typical of southern evenings) than when they 

 are cooler (below 70°, as would be typical of north- 

 em evenings). 



Our final experiment suggests that Tedders 

 traps accompanied by a resource (such as apples) of 

 value to PCs can lead to a significant increase in 

 trap captures. Toward this end, we are pursuing 

 the identification of host tree volatiles and phero- 

 monal compounds attractive to PCs so that eventu- 

 ally they can be used in conjunction with Tedders 

 traps or other types of traps to create a powerful 



monitoring tool. 



Acknowledgments 



This work was supported by grants from the 

 USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Edu- 

 cation Program (SARE), the USDA Northeast Re- 

 gional IPM Competitive Grants Program and the 

 New England Tree Fruit Growers Research Com- 

 mittee. 



Literature Cited 



LeBlanc, J.PR., S.B. HiU and R.O. Paradis. 1984. 

 Oviposition in scout apples by plum curculio and 

 its relationship to subsequent damage. Environ- 

 mental Entomology 13: 286-291. 



Mizell, R.F., D. Horton, C. Yonce, and W.L. Tedders. 

 1995. The Tedders trap: a simple, low-cost method 

 to monitor plum curculio. Journal of Economic 

 Entomology (in press). 



Schmitt, D. and L.P. Berkett. 1995. Evaluation of 

 a new trap for monitoring plum curculio in New 

 England apple orchards. Proceedings of the New 

 England Fruit Meetings 101: 109-113. 



Tedders, W.L. and B.W 1994. A new technique for 

 monitoring pecan weevil emergence. Journal of 

 Entomological Science 29: 18-30. 



Yonce, C.E., D.L. Horton, and WR. Okie. 1995. 

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 Entomological Science 30: 82-92. 



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