CYSTIC CALCULI. 465 



and opii tr. Having cleansed it nicely, and allayed any 

 irritation that may exist, the bladder should be gently 

 returned to its proper place as soon as possible. The 

 vagina may be injected with tepid or cold water, according 

 to judgment. The hind-quarters should be elevated, and 

 anodyne injections given, as well as opiates by the mouth, 

 to prevent straining on the part of the animal. In cases 

 where the condition has been present for some time and 

 neglected, the bladder may become gangrenous. In such 

 a case it may be removed with the ecraseur, and the animal 

 recover, the urine escaping through the ureters, and running 

 over the thifijhs, 



CYSTIC CALCULI. 



Cystic calculi may be caused by the use of hard water 

 (or water containing lime) for drinking purposes, espe- 

 cially in cases where an animal is worked steadil}^ for 

 hours at a time, and not given an opportunity to uri- 

 nate. In other cases, a foreign substance of microscopic 

 proportions may be present in the bladder, and act^as a 

 nucleus, around which the calcareous material becomes 

 deposited. 



Symptoms. — In some cases a single calculus may be 

 present, and gradually increase in size until it becomes very 

 large. In other cases, calculi may be present in large num- 

 bers, givhig rise to well-marked symptoms : the urine being 

 voided with difficulty, and changed in colour, becoming un- 

 naturally white or milky in appearance. The first that is 

 voided may be clear, but as the bladder empties itself the 

 urine, takes on the above-mentioned milky appearance, or 

 may be dark in colour. There is always more or less irritation 

 of the bladder, there may occasionally be retention of urine, 

 and the penis often hangs pendulous. While urinating, 

 and a full round stream escaping, the flow may be suddenly 



30 



