10 



OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE. 



clear for operation. Mackel's gag is lighter, and does not require to 

 be fixed with the hand. The upper and lower horizontal branches are 



Fig. 13. — Showing the application of nose-ring and l^ull-leader. 



separated b}- the rotation of movable nuts screwing on the two vertical 

 connecting rods. Fig. 14 is Varnell's form. The transverse bars are 

 covered with india-rubber. Until recently it was b}^ far the most popular 



„ Fig. IS- — Baver's niouth-gfasi' for horses and oxer:. 



Fig. 16. — Ba\-cr's mouth-gag for dogs. 



Fig. 14. — Varnell's mouth- 



form in this country. Fig. 17 is a design of Hertwig and Fuchs, so 

 modified by Joger as to render it ver}' portable. 



