50 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE. 



considered dangerous by some, it is that most commonly used in 

 England. 



Abroad great precautions are taken. The chloroform is given from 

 a compress, and by one nostril only, being added drop by drop at the 

 rate of two or three drops per second. To avoid irritation, produced 

 b}' the liquid coming in contact with the skin or mucous membrane, 

 the nose may be smeared with vaseline. 



Being very volatile, chloroform can be given by a modification 

 of Junker's apparatus. In its simplest form this consists of a tall 

 glass cylinder, containing the anaesthetic, closed by a bung or 

 large rubber cork pierced with two holes, giving passage to wide 

 glass tubes. One tube passes to the bottom of the glass ; to 

 this is affixed the bellows; the other, which onh' just passes through 

 the cork, is provided with a rubber tube which can be slipped 

 into the animal's nostril. By working the bellows, air is forced through 

 the liquid, becomes charged with the anaesthetic, and, passing into the 

 nostrils, is inhaled. A large form of this apparatus, made in copper and 

 worked by a foot bellows, was very successfully used by Dr. Clarke 

 (who invented it) and myself during 1887-g in operations for roaring. 

 The glass bottle was replaced by a copper C3dinder about fifteen inches 

 in height and four in diameter, the glass tubes by large metal tubes 

 about three quarters of an inch diameter. The long tube passed to the 

 bottom of the copper cylinder and through a circular plate of per- 

 forated metal. The blast of air was thus broken up into innumerable 

 small bubbles, which became thoroughly saturated with the anaesthetic 

 vapour. As after prolonged use the apparatus grows extremely cold, 

 and is apt to become clogged from the freezing of water vapour 

 derived from the blast of air, it was found advantageous to place it 

 in a bucket containing warm water. Later forms of Dr. Clarke's 

 apparatus are surrounded with an outer metal receiver for containing 

 hot water. 



A simple form of inhaler was suggested by Mr. J. Koalfe Cox, 

 F.R.C.V.S. It consisted of a leather tube covered with stout canvas, 

 which could be drawn together at either end by a strong drawstring. 

 The tube was slipped over the animal's nostrils and into its mouth, the 

 drawstring tightened and attached to the halter. A sponge saturated 

 with the antesthetic was then introduced, and the supply of air 

 controlled by regulating the size of the external opening. The Carlisle 

 inhaler is more complicated, but probably not more efficient. It 

 envelops both the upper and lower jaw, thus differing from Cox's, and 

 is provided \\ith a metal sliding sponge-holder on which the chloro- 

 form is poured. As sent out it gravely impedes respiration, and for 



