156 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE. 



As in swine the jugular lies deep and is covered with fat, it is 

 seldom opened, the lingual vein being preferred. A wooden rod being 

 thrust between the teeth, the tongue is drawn forward, and the vein 

 opened just over the fraenum linguae. Bleeding ceases spontaneously. 

 In addition the transverse facial and anterior auricular veins are 

 occasionally used. The internal saphena vein of the hind limb is also 

 the seat of operation. It is compressed by applying a cord or bandage 

 between the hock and stifle joint. 



In dog-s and cats the jugular, or the internal saphena vein of the 

 hind limb, is the vessel usually indicated in text-books, but the opera- 

 tion is scarce!}- ever .performed. 



Arteriotomy. — The opening of an arter}^ is very seldom resorted 

 to. The operation is carried out in the same way as phlebotomy, or 

 the artery is exposed, divided, and, at the conclusion of the operation, 

 ligated. 



Scarification. — Bleeding from capillaries is effected b} scarification, 

 cupping, or the application of leeches. Leeches are little used in 

 veterinary surgery; the quantity of blood removed is trifling, the pro- 

 cedure troublesome and, considering the price of good leeches, costl}'. 

 Scarification consists in making a number of comparatively shallow 

 cuts in the tissue. It is seldoni employed on account of suppuration 

 and destruction of tissue frequenth' resulting. For cupping, which is 

 also rarel}' resorted to, a scarifier or lancet and a cupping-glass are 



necessary. The scarificator (Fig. 185) con- 

 sists of a metal box containing many small 

 fleams and the mechanism for operating 

 them. The blades can be raised or lowered by 

 a screw, and the depth of incision regulated. 

 The fleams, twelve to sixteen in number, 

 are set and released in a precisely similar 

 manner to the blades of the spring fleam 

 previously described. Cupping-glasses are 

 hemispherical in shape, with edges ground 

 to a true surface. The centre is pierced 

 by a small hole,, and carries a short hollow 

 stem to which a strong rubber ball is fixed. 

 Fig. i85.-Scarificator. ^he scarificator is applied to the shaven 



and disinfected skin, released, and applied 

 a second time at right angles to its previous position so as to 

 produce cross cuts ; the rubber ball on top of the cupping-glass is then 

 compressed, the glass applied to the scarified area, and the ball 

 released, causing a partial vacuum. When partially filled with blood, 

 the glass is removed, emptied, and again applied until the necessary 

 quantity of blood has been taken. i\ dressing is afterwards applied 

 ovc-r the seat of operation. 



In remo^'ing blood for the preparation of protective serum ordinary 

 methods are unsuitable, because organisms mav obtain entrance to 



