2i8 PRESENT-DAY RATIONALISM 



some degree. It is often observed that animals share 

 most at least of these, omitting laughter for example, 

 while Evolution recognises their origin in man as a result 

 of their existence in mammalia. Indeed, since man's 

 emotions are similar to those in animals, it has often 

 been stated as a proof that his mental qualifications have 

 been evolved as well as his body. Thus Romanes in his 

 works on Mental Evolution in Animals and Mental 

 Evolution in Man, shows that, just as man does, so do 

 animals manifest surprise, fear, parental affection, jealousy, 

 affection, sympathy, emulation, grief, revenge, shame and 

 remorse. These are all automatic emotions and are 

 identical with the same feelings in man. But they are 

 outside the consciousness of abstract reasoning, the pe- 

 culiarity of man. They deal with concrete objects as a 

 rule in both animals and man ; but man can also entertain 

 some at least of these emotions for abstract reasons, which 

 do not appeal to the senses ; as a fear of hell, the hope 

 of heaven, emulation for honour, shame before God, etc. 



As long as an animal, as a dog, can bring a caiise 

 within the region of the senses, by automatic reasoning 

 of course, he is not afraid ; as when the wind blows the 

 leaves about ; but a dog lying by a wall was terrified 

 when he saw an open parasol, lying on the ground, roll 

 along by itself, for he did not know the wind had arisen. 

 Another dog lying on the beach began to bark furiously 

 at the wheels of a bathing machine which began to move 

 up the beach, being drawn up by a long rope ; for the 

 dog could not understand how it could (apparently) move 

 of its own accord. 



There does not appear therefore to be any difference 

 in kind between an animal's emotions and man's ; it is 

 only when man brings his higher conscious reasoning to 

 bear upon them, that their effects may be altered. 



