* GENERAL PATHOLOGY. 83 



refer the curious in such details to the subjoined translation* 

 of the text expository of these minute portraitures. The 

 deficiency of its proper salts in Einderpest blood has been 

 previously noticed (p. 38). In the inquiries prosecuted by 

 Dr. A. Gamgee to ascertain the changes which this and other 

 fluids underwent in the earlier and progressive stages of the 

 disease ; no attempt was made to ascertain the percentage 



* Pathological alterations of the mucous membrane of intestines, enlarged 50 

 to 400 times, as given by Perigoff in explanation of his Plate XVI. 



Fig. 1. Peyer's plates (glands) of ileum, tumefied by simple choleraic processes, enlarged eight 

 times; mucous membrane detached, muscular covering naked. Plate of Peyer looked like a 

 bunch of grapes, composed of semi-transparent vesicles reposing upon the mucous membrane, 

 and covered by villosities. When magnified, the epithelial cells, their nuclei and globules, resem- 

 ble somewhat the microscopic elements of recent plastic exudations. 



Figs. 6-9. Isolated follicles of mucous membrane represented under aspect of vesicles, a little 

 swelled, as in chronic maladies of mucous membrane, and surrounded by a bloody areola. 



Fig. T. Shows enlarged by microscope nearly 30 times, little fly-spots (mouchetures), round and 

 blackened ; met on mucous membrane, near the isolated crypts in the typhoid stage of cholera 

 and chronic diarrhoea, shown under the form of an areola, composed of the vessels of the sub-mu- 

 cous coat ; at circumference and center of areola, sometimes numerous blackened points or fly 

 spots, being the ruins of bloody globules escaped from the vessels and dispersed in the 

 mucous tissue. Sulphate of iron enters into their composition, as is proved by its solubility in 

 Hydro-chloric acid. The contents of these crypts resemble epithelial cells, and their nuclei; 

 more than pyoid and plastic globules. 



Fig. 8. Isolated follicles, tumefied, enlarged 10 times and covered with villosities, which are 

 swelled and engorged with blood. 



Figs. 10-11. Superficial layer of eschars in large intestines; brown appearance depends upon 

 agglomeration by matters of decomposed bloody globules, under aspect of brown spots, (con- 

 taining sulph. iron) sometimes deep purple. Numerous crystals on surface of scars are the double 

 salts of ammoniated phosphate of magnesium. Same microscopic elements seen in dysenteric 

 exudations accompanying cholera. 



Figs. 13-21. Villosities of mucous membrane, covered with cylindrical epithelium, seen some- 

 times in the algid (cold) period, dissolved in choleraic liquid, macerated and swollen ; and epitheli- 

 al envelope detached and exfoliated. A light touch detaches it completely ; under the microscope 

 looks like the down of the dandelion. The denuded villosities show sometimes a strong hyper- 

 gemic state, the vascular net-work is completely injected ; or, in places, sometimes an anaemic 

 state ; the empty vessels showing across the pulp of the villosities, covered again in some places 

 by nuclei of detached epithelium — the black fly spot and globules of blood decomposed and com- 

 ing out of the vessels on the pulp of the villosities ; and the principal coloring that of bile. Some- 

 times, in fine, the tissue of the villosities despoiled of the epithelium, is softened, macerated ; 

 their extremities are ragged, flocculent, ulcerated and mortified. The puffing up of the villosi- 

 ties, the hyperaemia, and tendency of the epithelium to detach itself after the maceration in the 

 choleraic emulsion are principally observed in the algid period. It seems that the cellules of the 

 epithelium were themselves altered. They appeared more swollen, more gorged with liquid, and 

 fuller of fatty globules, than in the normal state. 



At the same time the mucous coat ot the intestines is pale and anaemic, the sub-serous vascular 

 net- work is incompletely injected, and even when the vascular net-work of the villosities shows 

 itself to the microscope, empty in whole or in part, the contour of these vessels remains incom- 

 parably more distinct than in the normal state. One sees that the net-work was but lately filled 

 with blood, and that it had been in a hyperaemic state. 



I have often observed with the microscope, bloody globulus in the vascular net-work of the vil- 

 losities agglomerated, adhering strongly to the coats, having an angular form, stellated, color 

 deep purple, yellow-brown or black-brown. As to the villosities deprived of epithelium, covered 



