WHITES. 



161 



a delicate web over the surface of a leaf early 

 in July, attaching themselves thereto by the 

 anal extremity and also by a belt passing over 

 the body behind the thorax, and thus changed 

 into CHRYSALIDS, having the head rather ele- 

 vated and terminating in a slender point. The 

 thorax is produced into a slender, medio- 

 dorsal keel, angulated in the middle ; the 

 sides of the sixth and seventh segments are 

 kt eled and angulated, the seventh more pro- 

 minently so than the sixth ; the following 

 segments have a medio-dorsal keel very little 

 raised, the continuity of this with the thoracic 

 keel is interrupted on the sixth and seventh 

 segments. The colour is green, fading on the 

 approach of emergence to whitish, minutely 

 dotted with black ; the keel of the thorax and 

 the lateral keel of the sixth and seventh seg- 

 ments are yellow, crested with pinkish brown, 

 the posterior angle of the latter is tipped with 

 black. I believe that this species never feeds 

 on the various species of rassica, Tropceo- 

 lum and Reseda, frequented by its congener, 

 Pieris Rap<e, and I also think that the 

 accounts of its destructive powers are entirely 

 fabulous. Newman. 



TIME OF APPEARANCE. May and August. 



LOCALITIES. Mr. Birchall reports that this 

 butterfly is generally distributed in Ireland, 

 and that it occurs in the Isle of Man ; it 

 seems to occur generally, but in some places 

 not plentifully, in Scotland and England. 



57. Small White (Pieris Rapce). Upper side of Male. 



57. SMALL WHITE. The fore wings are 

 somewhat arche^ on the costal margin, the 

 tip being somewhat pointed, but not acutely 

 so, and the hind margin simple and entire ; 

 the hind margin of the hind wings also is 

 simple and entire. The colour of the wings 



is white, but the fore wings of the male have 

 a smoky-gray tip, and a faint median spot of 

 the same colour ; the hind wings have an 

 inconspicuous black spot on the costal margin. 

 The females have a distinct dark smoky spot 

 at the tip, and two black spots on the disk, 



Upper side of Female. 



one nearly circular somewhere about the 

 centre of the wing, the other almost double, 

 and nearer the anal angle. The under side' 

 has the tip of the fore wings and entire area 

 of the hind wings dull ochreous yellow, the 

 darker markings of the upper side being ap- 

 parent, but indistinct. 



Varieties. A very variable species as re- 

 gards the amount of black marking on the 

 upper side of the fore wings. In some speci- 

 mens, in one particularly which was sent me 

 by Mr. Fetherstonhaugh, of Dublin, the 

 black markings are totally absent. Mr. 

 Stephens, grounding his characters on this 

 difference, divided the species into two, 

 calling the vernal specimens " Metra" the 

 later or autumnal specimens " Hapce." At 

 p. 258 of the fourth volume of the " Ento- 

 mologist," Mr. J. M. Bramwell describes a 

 specimen, taken while settled on some palinga 

 near Perth, as of a uniform dusky brown 

 colour on both sides of the wings. Lastly, 

 there is a variety of exquisite beauty occa- 

 sionally but very rareiy taken in this country, 

 of the most delicate but vivid yellow. It will 

 be seen farther on that this variety occurs 

 more commonly in Canada. 



LIFE HISTORY. This butterfly is double- 

 brooded : the eggs which produce both broods 

 are laid on all the cultivated varieties of 

 cabbage and garden plants, the cruciferce, 

 tropaeolums, and mignonette having the 



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