COMPOS IT A E (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 



8r,5 



1014. T. officinale. 

 Heads and leaf-tips x %. 



imte ; flowers yellow. fNanie from rapdcrcreit', 

 lo (l.isqnict or disor^Jrr, in allusion to medicinal 

 properties.) 



1. T. OFFICINALE Weber. (Common D.) 

 Leaves coarsrly pi)niatijid, sinuate-dentate, 

 rarely subeiitire ; heads large (3-5 cm. broad), 

 orange-yellow ; involucral bracts not glaucous; 

 the outer elongated, conspicuously reflexed ; 

 achene olive-green or brownish, bluntly murieate 

 above, its beak 2-3-times its leii^4li ; pappus 

 white. ( T. Dens-leonis Desf. ; 

 T. Taraxacum Karst.) — Pas- 

 tures and fields, very common. 

 Apr.-Sept. (and rarely through- 

 out autumn and winter). — 

 After blossoming, the inner in- 

 volucre closes, and the slender 

 beak elongates and raises w]) 

 the pappus w-hile the fruit is 

 forming ; the whole involucre is then refiexed. exposing to the 

 wind the naked fruits, with the pappus in an open globular ^^^^- ^' °^- ^'- ^'^^• 



head. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1014. ^^'^-^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^/s- 



Var. PALusTRE (Sm.) Blytt. Outer bracts lance- 

 olate to deltoid-ovate, ascending or spreading, — In 

 damp places, e. Que. to Ct. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 

 1015. 



2. T. ERTTHROSPERMrM Audrz. (Red-seeded D.) 

 Leaves deeply runcinate-iminatifid or pinnately divided 

 into narrow segments ; heads smaller (2-3 cm. broad), 

 sulphur-yellow, outer ligules purplish without ; invo- 

 lucre glaucous, the iniier bracts corniculate-appendaged 

 at tip ; the outer short, lanceolate, spreading or ascend- 

 ing ; achene smaller, bright red or red-broion, sharply 

 murieate above, more than half as long as the beak ; 

 pappus sordid-white. — In dry fields and on rocks, ]\Ie. 

 to Pa., locally vsr. to Kan. Late Apr.-June. (Nat. 

 from Eu.) Fig. 1016. 



1016. T. erythrospermum. 

 Heads and leaf-tip x %. 



99. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sow Thistle 



Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im- 

 bricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious, 

 of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly 

 falling together. — Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly 

 smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate 

 heads of yellow flowers produced in summer and 

 autumn. (The ancient Greek name.) 



* Perennial, with creeping rootstocks ; Jloioers bright 

 yellow, in large heads. 



1. S. ARVExsis L. (Field S.) Leaves run cinate- 

 pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped 

 base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes trans- 

 versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, fields, and 

 gravelly shores, Nfd. and N. S. to N. J., w. to the 

 Rocky Mts., commonest north w. (Nat. from Eu.) 



* * Annual ; flowers pale yellow. 



2. S. olerXoeus L. (Common S.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or 

 rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teetli, clasping by a heart- 



OaAV's MANUAL — 55 



1017. S. oleraoeus. 

 Leaf X l^. Achene x 1^. 



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