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undulates slightly, the soil loses its richness, becomes 

 brown in colour, and contains small stones or kunkur 

 pebbles; it is then morin, or morund, or mouda. If it 

 undulates still more, and becomes fuller of gravel and 

 pebbles, it is called rankur ; if it becomes sandy instead of 

 loamy, it is called sekar (I presume from the same root 

 which we find in the great " Sahara") ; but this is only 

 the case along the banks of rivers, where the sand brought 

 down from the hills has been deposited by floods. If it 

 is a stony hillside, it is called burrurie, or burdie, or byrie, 

 or in some parts khurrurie or khyrie. Thus flatness and 

 richness go together, and pebbles and light soil are always 

 found where the land undulates considerably, and lies in 

 little hills separated by ravines. There are no great 

 sandy plains or oosur tracts, such as are common in Upper 

 India. Every part of the valley is culturable, except 

 where a hill spur stands out into the plain, or a network 

 of ravines leaves no surface for the plough to work upon. 

 From this character of the soils it follows that the best 

 kinds must be given up to rubbee crops, and khureef 

 sown only in the lighter soils. From its richness, its 

 depth, and its capacity for retaining moisture, the mar 

 is probably unsurpassed by any soil in India as a 

 producer of wheat ; but in this so-called " cotton 

 soil," cotton or any other khureef crop could not 

 grow. When unlimited heat and moisture are sup- 

 plied, it becomes so rank in its luxuriance that it 

 is absolutely too rich to grow any useful crop ; the 

 plant grows up unhealthy, and is choked by the 

 mass of weeds around it. These, in ordinary seasons, 

 it is impossible to clear away, for if hand-hoeing is used, 

 the labourers' feet sink in, and the hoe brings up the 

 sown plant along with the weeds ; or if the kolka is 



