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about by roads and railroads, the only way by which the 

 * schoolmaster' has hitherto operated with much effect 

 on the genuine agriculturist, the real holder of the plough. 

 " It is not, however, cotton cultivation only that the 

 roads and railways have affected thus powerfully. 

 The effect on wheat and jowari (staples of these 

 provinces) is equally striking. Away from roads and 

 railways, care and industry are conspicuously awanting. 

 Although drill-sowing was practised in this country a 

 thousand years before it was heard of in England, so little 

 care is taken in ploughing and cleaning the fields and 

 pulverizing the soil, that the wheat has the appearance of 

 having been sown broadcast, mixed with an equal propor- 

 tion of weeds and grass. Like the cotton in similar 

 circumstances, it is stunted in its growth, and the produce 

 very inferior. In striking contrast with this, we see near 

 the roads and railways in the cold season, fields of wheat 

 rivalling in appearance those of England. Mile upon 

 mile is to be seen drill-sown, perfectly regular, and 

 without a weed. Before it ripens, the vast expanse of 

 bright green brings vividly before the Englishman his 

 own fertile land. 



" Nothing will move the cultivator to work in any 

 other way than according to his normal lazy, procrastinat- 

 ing mode, except a stirring appeal to his self-interest. 

 Where, from difficulty and expense of conveyance, his 

 market is confined to the villages in the vicinity of his 

 fields, he has no inducement to cultivate much land, or to 

 take any particular trouble with what he does cultivate. 

 The demand is small, and little care or labour is required 

 to produce enough to satisfy it. Toil beyond this would 

 be unremunerative. But when, by means of roads and 



