DOUBLE WORKING 67 



Tongue grafting is used in the top-working of trees, but must 

 be practiced on smaller branches of the stocks. The wound formed 

 by this method is not so great and the union is more apt to become 

 perfect. In order to completely change the bearing tree from one 

 variety to another by this method it is necessary to insert a much 

 greater number of scions than would be necessary by the cleft 

 grafting process. 



Budding is used in top-working by inserting the buds either 

 on large or small branches. Budding is coming into more general 

 use for this purpose. 



Pruning is essential after top-working of a large tree. The buds 

 or scions which have been inserted must be protected in their 

 struggle for growth. Competing branches near them must be 

 pruned away after the new buds have produced leaves. Common 

 sense and good judgment are the chief guides in this matter. There 

 is always great struggle in a tree top among the different branches. 

 The owner must aid the ones he wishes to develop and cut away 

 the others. 



Double Working. Growers sometimes practice what is called 

 double working of stocks. Young root grafts, for example, may 

 be grown in the nursery row one year or more and then may be 

 again budded or grafted at a height of from one to three feet above 

 ground. This may be done either before or after the trees are 

 transplanted to the orchard. This second operation would seem 

 to be unnecessary, but may be required for one of the following 

 reasons: (1) The young trees may be of bad shape, and the buds 

 inserted may be for the purpose of lowering the first main branches. 

 (2) The grower may have been unable to secure from a nursery 

 the variety he desired, andso planted in his orchard an inferior 

 variety. He will then change the variety by budding or 

 grafting with the desired kind. (3) He may have a special strain 

 or variety of his own well suited to that soil and other environ- 

 ments. By inserting the scions or buds himself upon young trees 

 that have started growth in the orchard he can be more certain 

 of securing fruit of his special variety. 



FIELD AND LABORATORY EXERCISES 



1. Root Cuttings. Make cuttings of roots of blackberry. Plant these in 

 favorable conditions and watch their growth. 



2. Compare Roots with Stems. Take the roots of any convenient shrub 

 and compare them with the stems, or if possible with underground stems from 

 the same plant. Note the buds and the stalks near the buds which form the 

 nodes on underground stems called rootstalks. Note the absence of such 

 nodes on roots. 



