258 LINUS WARD KLINE 



This quotation from Book introduces the general field of the 

 present investigation. Further orientation is secured by mak- 

 ing brief reference to a long line of investigations looking to the 

 determination of the nature of the relation between movements 

 and their accompanying feeling states. The earlier studies were 

 of the physio-graphic (expressive) type placed on a scientific 

 basis by Mosso (28) . The methods, inventions and adaptations 

 of technique growing out of the original work by Mosso had prac- 

 tically, by the end of the nineteenth century, explored all those 

 relationships existing between the vital activities of the body 

 and their concomitant feelings. Coincident with such studies 

 were those involving the relationship between involuntary move- 

 ments and mental states. The researches of Jastrow (21) of 

 Beard (2) of Downey (13) and of several others reveal surpris- 

 ingly minute and orderly interplay between both ideational and 

 affective states on the one hand and involuntary movements on 

 the other; so constant are the several relationships, that their 

 modes of expression, to the trained observer, serve as reliable 

 indices to the general character of the mental content. These 

 delicate relationships between affective states and movements 

 attain their greatest complexity and significance when movement 

 is voluntary. These studies, beginning with Fe*re (15) have 

 received important contributions from Mtinsterberg (32), Stor- 

 ring (39), Woodworth (43), Rose (35) and many others. They 

 agree in showing that accuracy of movement, as well as speed, 

 is affected by the presence of feeling states. Mlinsterberg found 

 a correlation between a constant negative error in movement 

 and bodily languor, and between a constant positive error of 

 movement and bodily vivacity. Seriousness gave a negative 

 constant error; gaiety a positive one. Pleasure gave a positive 

 constant error for extension of the arm, and a negative constant 

 error for flexion; whereas unpleasant feelings gave excessive flex- 

 ions, and negative errors of extension. Rose shows that the latent 

 period of simple reaction time is reduced with the increase of 

 unpleasant stimulus, that is, latent period and increase of stimu- 

 lus are inversely proportional; and also that unpleasant feeling, 

 from whatever source, from weak to strong intensity, increases 

 the motor strength. 



