HABIT FORMATION AND FEELING QUALITIES 277 



the case are the first located; boxes in and about the center are 

 the most difficult; while boxes bearing labels of face cards are 

 likely to be promptly and easily located. The study also showed 

 that the ability to recognize the location of the boxes exceeded 

 the memory of their positions by fifty to seventy-five per cent, 

 a fact already demonstrated by Kirkpatrick and also by Hollings- 

 worth (18). The present investigation showed similar dif- 

 ferences. Interest here, however, centers in the memory of 

 positions. The facts of place-memory were obtained by having 

 the subjects map the boxes on blank forms containing 54 com- 

 partments representing those of the case. These mapping exer- 

 cises and the observation of the case during the distribution 

 furnished the means for learning the position of the boxes. The 

 mapping was done from memory either between the distributions 

 or after the final distribution of a period. 



The reports of the subjects are not conclusive that either P 

 or U stimulus favored or hindered mapping the boxes. A study 

 of tables 1 and 2 shows that the time for mapping the boxes 

 varies with subjects taking P stimulus from 5 to 13 practice 

 periods, and with those taking U stimulus varies from 6 to 19 

 periods; while normal conditions required from 5 to 12 periods, 

 thus giving slight evidence that U stimulus may have checked 

 the mapping. The rate of mapping is affected by quite other 

 factors. Seven of the subjects made a deliberate effort and used 

 various devices to locate the boxes, while four subjects made no 

 special effort, but relied on trial and error and on kinaesthetic 

 cues. The active study not only corresponds to an early loca- 

 tion of the boxes, but is directly associated with the initial rise 

 shown by the learning curves. These seven subjects mapped the 

 entire 39 boxes in an average of seven periods, and distributed 

 the entire deck at an average speed of 51 seconds in the nine- 

 teenth period. Those who made no active effort mapped the 

 boxes in an average time of thirteen periods, and attained an 

 average speed of 66.75 seconds to deliver the deck at the nine- 

 teenth period. 



This apparent correlation between the growth of memory in 

 locating the boxes and rate of speed does not prove, however, 



PSTCHOBIOLOGY, VOL. II, NO. 3 



