HABIT FORMATION AND FEELING QUALITIES 283 



advantages the short cramped-up-leftward movement placed it 

 at the foot of the list (table 4) . 



The validity of the fourth principle may be questioned on 

 the ground that many cards were located before the direction of 

 the movements had become sufficiently definite to serve as a 

 cue for place-memory. A study of the synthesis of the move- 

 ments, given later, shows that the " kinaesthetic feel" for the 

 direction of certain boxes was present even in the second trial 

 of the first period. Besides the investigations of Mtiller and 

 Schumann (29) Bergstrom (3) Smith (36) Culler (11) and 

 others have placed beyond dispute the immediate and persistent 

 effects of kinaesthesis, particularly of hand and eye in associa- 

 tional process. 



This lengthy consideration of the growth and of the factors 

 involved in place-memory shows, at least, that two types of 

 movements, (1) those of a relatively long sweep, (2) those of a 

 rightward direction, facilitate the growth of such memory and 

 hence, indirectly, aid in acquiring skill for card distribution. 



There is evidence of a fifth principle which not only inhibited 

 the growth of place-memory but disturbed the memory for the 

 boxes throughout the entire practice. The principle may be 

 stated as the cumulative effect of two successive card substitutions. 

 This was brought about by the conditions of the experiment. 

 The order of the suits, C, D, S, H, and the plan of substitution 

 became in terms of box-labels C, C, D, H, i.e., D went to C and S 

 to D. This required two substitutions in immediate succession, 

 the climax coming with " Spade to Diamonds" which not only 

 accounts, apparently, for the late location of the K of D, 2 of D 

 and 5 of D, but also for the fact that six cards of the heart suit 

 are among the last nine (31 to 39, table 4) cards to be located. 

 The cumulative effect persisted even to delivering H to H (fol- 

 lowing two substitutions) which otherwise formed the easiest 

 part of the work. 



4. Learning the sequence of cards "stacked order." Learning the 

 stacked order of the cards, like the location of the boxes, while 

 probably not essential to the maximum rate ultimately attained 

 by any subject, materially contributed to the initial speed and to 



