RESTRAINT. 7 



a kind of forceps is used, which grasps the lower section of the nasal 

 septum. The bull-holder (Fig. 8) is provided with loops at the 

 free ends of the handles, by means of which it can be secured to the 

 animal's horns. In the bull-holder shown in Fig. 9 pressure is 

 applied by means of a screw. 



Nose-rings may here be mentioned; the most convenient are 

 those which can be inserted without the assistance of an instrument. 

 Hauptner's pattern (Fig. 10) is very practical. It consists of two 

 semicircular pieces connected by a hinge ; one end is pointed and 

 cutting, for the purpose of transfixing the nasal septum ; this fits 

 into a corresponding depression in the other end, and is provided 



Fig. 15. — The loop twitch. 



Fig. 7. — The loop-twitch tightened by 

 inserting a wooden rod. 



with a notch to receive the spring catch shown in the figure. 

 Figs. 11 and 12 represent leaders for animals in which these rings 

 have been inserted. 



To means of restraint also belong gags — instruments for holding 

 the jaws apart to allow of examining or operating within the cavity 

 of the mouth or pharynx without danger of being bitten. Some 

 are fixed, others movable, the latter allowing the mouth to be more 

 or less opened as desired. One of the simplest forms of fixed gag 

 consists of a heart-shaped piece of iron with two transverse branches 

 fixed about four inches apart. It is thrust into the mouth horizontally 

 until the upper cross-piece comes in contact with the upper molars, 

 and then rotated so that the upper cross-piece remains in contact 

 with the interdental space and the animal's chin lies in the lower 

 rounded space. Movable gags are preferable. The principle is 

 similar to that above described, but the distance apart of the two 



