150 



VENESECTION. 



On account of the loose arrangement of the skin in oxen it is not 

 necessary, though it is advisable, to insert a suture. 



Bleeding from the mammary vein was formerly practised in 

 diseases of the udder and of abdominal organs, but possesses no 

 special advantage over bleeding from the jugular, while it is less 

 easily carried out, and the wound is very liable to infection. 



Sheep and goats may also be bled from the jugular, but as a rule 

 the facial vein in the neighbourhood of the fourth molar is selected. 

 It yields little blood, but this is by no means an unmitigated evil, 

 as sheep and goats are very liable to serious symptoms after bleeding. 



As in swine the jugular lies deep and is covered with fat, it is 

 seldom opened, the lingual vein being preferred. A wooden rod 

 being thrust between the teeth, the tongue is drawn forward, and 



Fig. 208. — DieckerhofFs bleeding cannula, 



the vein opened just over the frsenum linguae. Bleeding ceases 

 spontaneously. In addition the transverse facial and anterior 

 auricular veins are occasionally opened. The internal saphena vein 

 of the hind limb is also the seat of operation. It is compressed by 

 apply ing a cord or bandage between the hock and stifle joint. 



In dogs and cats the jugular, or the internal saphena vein of the 

 hind limb, is the vessel usually indicated in text-books, but the 

 operation is scarcely ever performed. 



Arteriotomy. The opening of an artery is very seldom resorted 

 to. The operation is carried out in the same way as phlebotomy, 

 or the artery is exposed, divided, and, at the conclusion of the 

 operation, ligated. 



Scarification. Bleeding from capillaries is effected by scarification, 

 cupping, or the application of leeches. Leeches are little used in 



