CASTRATION WITHOUT CASTING. 195 



standing. The method was afterwards modified by the American cas- 



trator Miles, and more recently has been recommended by a number of 



operators in England, and by Salinier, Cagny, and others in France. 



Joyeux operated from the right, Miles from the left side, both with 



clams, the former by the covered, the latter by the uncovered method. 



Many veterinary surgeons use the emasculator which greatly facilitates 



operation in the standing position ; others employ the ecraseur. 



Joyeux applied blinds and a twitch, and fastened the horse up 



short by means of a strong head collar. After placing hobbles on the 



hind feet, and connecting them to a cord passed round the neck, the 



operator takes up his position facing the horse's right flank ; with 



his left shoulder somewhat lowered and his left arm advanced he then 



grasps the scrotum and draws the testicles one by one downwards, the 



left hand gliding downwards along the course of the spermatic cord. 



Immediately the cord 



has been secured by 



the left hand, the layers 



of the scrotum are 



successively incised from 



in front backwards, 



care being taken to 



protect the left thumb. 



On dividing the skin and 



tunica dartos, the testicle 



' Fig. 239. — Screw instrument for closing wooden 



descends, whereupon clams, 



the operator separates 



these tissues from the common vaginal covering, and the assistant, 

 who stands at the horse's left side, passes a clam from behind over 

 the spermatic cord. This accomplished, the operator grasps the 

 forward end of the clam, applies the forceps or screw, and the assistant 

 ties the clam. During the operation the forceps must be pressed 

 towards the abdomen, and in a backward direction in order to 

 prevent the spermatic cord being torn through. After snipping off 

 the right testicle the left is removed in the same way. 



Salinier operates by means of caustic clams, and first of all applies 

 a ligature around the neck of the scrotum. Whilst the operator 

 draws the testicles downwards the ligature is applied and tied by 

 an assistant ; the more tightly it is drawn the quieter does the horse 

 remain during operation. Trasbot, whose practical experience was 

 very great, altogether condemned castration in the standing position. 



Miles castrated colts from the left side. He tied the animal up 

 short with the right side against the wall, and placed a scaffold pole 



