232 



CASTRATION. 



a speculum ; whilst Bichter, in order to avoid injuring the rectum, 

 recommended forming a fold in the upper wall of the vagina, and 

 incising this with a bistouri cache fastened to a long arm, or with 



Closed. Open. 



Fig. li.")."). -Charlier's vaginal 

 speculum (early form). 



Closed. Open. 



Fig. 256.— Charlier's vaginal speculum 

 (later form). 



special long scissors. Hurliman also dispensed with the speculum, 

 and to avoid injuring the rectum pressed the lower wall of the 

 vagina downwards towards the bladder. Ostertag recommends 

 incising only the mucosa, and breaking through the muscular and 



