294 



GUNTHERS DENTAL INSTRUMENTS. 



some practice, strength, and judgment. Drawing a tooth is much 

 less difficult in old than in young animals, in which the molars are 

 still deeply implanted in the jaw. 



In such cases attention should be paid to the following points : — 



Choice of Forceps.- — Those designed by Giinther, Robertson, and Gowing 



are amongst the best. They must be very strong, so as not to spring 



much, but not very thick in the jaws, as this makes adjustment difficult. 



As the horse's molars do not lie parallel to one another, attention must be 



Fi<;. 2S8. — Gunther's 

 forceps for upper 

 molars. 



Fig. 289.— Gunther's Fig. 290.— Gun- Fig. 291.— Gunther's 



forceps for lower ther's expor- beaked forceps, 

 molars. tcur. 



given to the direction of the pull, and Giinther therefore constructed special 

 forceps for each tooth. 



Forceps acting as levers of the first class, and those as levers of the 

 second class, must be distinguished. In the former the jaws are at the 

 end (Figs. 288 and 289), in the latter at some distance from it (Figs. 292 

 and 293). As the molars are arranged in a fan shape, the crowns of the 

 pre-molars look backwards, those of the molars forwards (Fig. 295) ; and 

 as it is of the greatest importance that the pull should come in the direction 

 of the long axis of the tooth, it is clear that the second class lever forceps 



