CHOICE OF FORCEPS. 



295 



are .suitable for the pre-molars, the first class lever for the molars. For 

 the upper pre-molars the forceps must be somewhat bent just in front 

 of the jaws, so that in pulling, their legs may not strike against the incisors 

 of the lower jaw (Fig. 293). Forceps for the upper molars require wider 

 jaws or removable joints. The limbs of molar forceps must be very long. 

 In using them force has to be exerted in two ways — firstly, to grasp the 

 tooth, and secondly, to remove it. Attempts have therefore been frequently 

 made to assist the operator by special arrangements in the forceps. The 



Fig. 292.— Giinther's for- Fig. 293.— Giinther's for- Fig. 294.— Frick and Haupt- 

 ceps for first lower ceps for first upper ner's " Universal " forceps. 



molars. 



molars. 



simplest addition is an S-shaped hook, but as this must be provided of 

 many different sizes, it is not very practical. Frick and Hauptner have 

 constructed forceps in which the power required for gripping the tooth is 

 furnished by a screw. This instrument has the further advantage that it 

 can be used either as a first or second class lever forceps. Fig. 294 shows 

 its construction. The two limbs are turned on their long axis by the screw 

 at the end, and the mouth of the forceps thus closed. 



The use of the forceps shown in Figs. 288 and 289 necessitates fulcra or 

 pivots of different thicknesses. As will be seen from Fig. 295, which shows 



