386 DIFFICULTIES IN REMOVING CCENURUS CEREBRALIS. 



The percentage of cures claimed varies greatly. Englehart records 

 6 per cent. ; Stohr, 15 per cent. ; Scholz, 25 per cent. ; Dammann, 

 33 per cent. ; Reboul, who operates in primitive style with a cobbler's 

 awl and feather quill, states that he has saved 50 per cent. ; and 

 Siitner, even 70 per cent. Kuhlmann claims to have saved from 

 one-half to one-fourth of those operated on, exclusive of the cases 

 in which no bladder could be found. These variable results depend 

 partly on accident, and partly on the skilfulness of the operators. 



The failures, in recent years, depend in part on the formation of skull 

 and condition of skin in the modern races of sheep, and in part on the 

 fact that many operators do not remove the bladder, and thus obtain 

 only temporary relief. The prevention of such parasitism is secured by 

 close observation of dogs and their treatment with vermicides, and the 

 yard feeding of lambs and young sheep. Preferable to operation is the 

 prompt feeding and early slaughter of all subjects so soon as they manifest 

 any appearance of the disease. 



In cattle, sturdy is rare in North Germany, but occurs more frequently 

 in the South. Cysticerci were found in the Salzburg slaughter-houses 

 in large numbers of cattle, and sturdy is said to be rather common in cattle 

 throughout Steiermark, Karnten, the Tyrol, Bukowina, and Dalmatia. 

 Differing from sheep, in which the disease almost always appears during 

 the first two years of existence, cattle suffer at more advanced ages. The 

 symptoms are essentially the same in both classes of animals, and consist 

 of the peculiar position of the head, dilatation of one or both pupils, and 

 abnormal movements, similar to those in sheep. 



In cattle the disease often takes an acute course, rendering operation 

 useless. Nor if performed does it insure success, the result often depending 

 on accidental circumstances. Although observations of successful opera- 

 tions have been published (Cooper, Bertholet, and others), reports of 

 unfavourable results are not wanting. As the result is always uncertain, 

 it is better to slaughter affected animals early, though treatment may be 

 attempted in particularly valuable breeding animals. 



Treatment is strictly surgical. Albrecht, Merkt, and others claim to 

 have had a fair degree of success. Munch cured 8 cases out of 11 operated 

 on ; Merkt had 50 per cent, of recoveries. Only those animals should 

 be selected for operation which eat well and show no marked interference 

 with sensation, and which always turn towards the same side. 



In operating, the marked differences in the skull formation of the two 

 classes of animals must, however, be borne in mind. In cattle the frontal 

 sinuses extend over the greater part of the cranium, and only through 

 them can the cerebral hemispheres be reached. Hence diagnosis and 

 treatment meet with the same difficulties as in large -horned rams. 

 Softening of the external cranial plates evidently cannot occur here ; but 

 the inner temporal plates are sometimes so bulged that they come in 

 contact with the external plates. This may be discovered by percussion, 

 and the position of the parasite located by sounding the frontal and 

 superior maxillary sinuses, using the metallic end of the percussion 

 hammer. 



The animal is cast and the operation performed with strict antiseptic 



