TUMOURS OF THE UDDER. 719 



from without. A portion of the udder is grasped between the 

 fingers, and the contained milk suddenly pressed against the 

 dividing membrane until the latter gives way. Some operators 

 use special forceps with wide rounded jaws or even two rounded 

 staves covered with rubber tubes, between which a portion of the 

 gland is grasped and the milk so forced against the septum. 



(11.) TUMOURS OF THE UDDER. 



Tumours of the udder are oftenest seen in bitches, less frequently 

 in cows and mares. In cows and bitches they frequently take the 

 form of papillomata or warts, and are much commoner on the teats 

 than on the udder. Frequently they are pedunculated, and from 

 1 line to | an inch or more in length. Those on the surface of the 

 udder are usually larger and have broader bases ; in cows, they 

 have even been seen as large as a man's head. Their surface is 

 rough and horny, sometimes moist and inflamed from injury during 

 milking. Kunze found the udder of a four-year-old cow covered 

 with numerous warts 4 inches long and § inch thick, so that it 

 resembled a large cauliflower growth ; the warts were removed by 

 ligature, and by swabbing with pure sulphuric acid. 



Less frequently polypi occur on the mucous membrane of the 

 teat ducts, and may interfere with the discharge of milk. 



Cysts, varying from the size of a hazel-nut to that of a hen's egg, 

 are sometimes discovered in the udder after slaughter. They are 

 generally retention cysts, caused by closure of single gland ducts ; 

 their contents are sometimes clear, sometimes turbid from contained 

 masses of fat. They are difficult to detect during life, only those 

 which are superficial exhibiting fluctuation ; those in the depths 

 can scarcely be differentiated from indurations. 



Sarcomata are seen in cows and bitches. Carcinomata, 

 epitheliomata and enchondromata are a frequent source of trouble 

 in bitches. Stockmann has described two cases of adenoma of the 

 udder in bitches, in both of which there was fatal pulmonary 

 metastasis. One case, which was not operated on, had been visibly 

 unwell for a week before death ; in the other the mammary growth 

 was excised ; death followd by gradually increasing dyspnoea on 

 the fourteenth day. Stockmann regards adenoma as the commonest 

 malignant neoplasm in the bitch, and states that its primary seat 

 is usually in the mammary gland. Carcinomata are also stated 

 to have been seen in the mare. Such malignant tumours occur 

 in a multiple form, and carcinomata are uually accompanied by 



