16 GENERAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VETERINARIANS 



with by the excessive use of salves or plasters. In his philosophical 

 writings two terms frequently occur which are used in modem 

 natural science: macrocosmus and microcosmus. The first term, 

 as he used it, indicated nature as a whole, the latter the separate 

 individuals. 



Vesal. — Andreas Vesal (Vesalius), founder of modem anatomy, was bom 

 in Brussels in 1514, but had to flee from Belgium on account of his activ-ity in 

 anatomical work. He studied in Paris under Sylvius, held in Italy the posi- 

 tion of demonstrator of anatomy, and in 1537 was called by the Republic of 

 Venice to be professor of anatomy at Padua, after he had published his cele- 

 brated work "De corporis humani Fabrica libri septem" in 1535. Subse- 

 quently he was private physician to Karl V and Philip II in Madrid. Con- 

 demned to death by the Spanish inquisition as a magician or conjurer, he was 

 pardoned by PhiUp II to take a penitential journey, and died in 1564 on a 

 pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Vesal opposed the theory of Galen, and demon- 

 strated, among other things, that Galen's anatomy was founded upon the 

 ape and not upon man. 



Fallopius. — Gabriel Fallopius, pupil and successor of Vesal, was born in 

 Modena in 1523, and from 1547 on was professor of anatomy and surgery 

 in Ferrara, Pisa, and Padua. He wrote " Observationes Anatomicse" in 

 1561 and discovered the Fallopian canals in the temporal bone. 



Malpighi. — Marcellus Malpighi, 1628-1694, discovered the capillary cir- 

 culation and laid the foundations of the microscopical anatomy of animals 

 and plants (Malpighian corpuscles of the kidneys). He was professor of 

 anatomy in Bologna, Pisa, and Messina, and, at the time of his death, private 

 physician to Pope Innocent XII. 



Morgagni. — Giambattista Morgagni, founder of pathological anatomy, 

 pupil of Valsalva, born in Forli in 1682, was called in 1711 to the University 

 at Padua to the chair formerly held by Vesal. Here he attracted numerous 

 students from all lands, especially Germany. In 1761 he issued, in five books, 

 his famous work: "De Sedibus et Causis Morborum." His name is a part 

 of several anatomical terms (Morgagnian liquor between the lens and its 

 capsule. Morgagnian cavity). He died in 1771, 89 years old. 



Harvey. — William Harvey, founder of physiology, pupil of Fabricius ab 

 Aquapendente, born in Folkstone in 1578, elected professor of anatomy in 

 London in 1615, discovered the circulation of the blood in 1628. He was the 

 author of the conclusion "omne animal ex ovo," and showed that, contrary 

 to Galen, the blood was not one of four fluids, but the only vital fluid ("humor 

 cardinalis " ) . 



Ambroise Pare. — Ambroise Pare, founder of modem surgery and obstet- 



