94 GENERAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VETERINARIANS 



5. Pareses and paralyses of the cranial nerves, especially 

 incipient paralysis of the optic (amblyopia and amaurosis), recur- 

 rent (roaring in horses), facial (paralysis of the lower lip), trigem- 

 inus (paralysis of the muscles of mastication), and hypoglossal 

 (paralysis of the tongue). 



6. Spinal paralyses. These include the different forms of 

 weakness of the loins; spinal meningitis and myelitis; concussions, 

 hemorrhages, traumatic affections of the spinal cord, paralytic 

 conditions of the posterior quarters, and paralyses of the bladder, 

 rectum, penis and tail. Of the infectious diseases which are com- 

 plicated with spinal paralyses, canine distemper, contagious pneu- 

 monia and dourine of horses, and trotting disease of sheep may be 

 mentioned. 



7. Muscle paralyses. These are chiefly observed in the horse 

 in the course of azoturia, after casting, in inflammation of the 

 muscles and in some poisonings (lead). 



8. Paralyses of peripheral nerves. Of these, paralyses of the 

 facial, radial, subscapular, sciatic, tibial, peroneal and obturator 

 nerves are to be especially mentioned. 



9. Paralytic conditions in regions supplied by the sympathetic. 

 To this class belong pareses of the muscular wall of the rumen in 

 ruminants and of the intestinal canal in horses. 



10. Poisonings. In most poisonings the use of an excitant is 

 necessary because in the later stages paralytic symptoms appear 

 which must be treated symptomatically. Here may be especially 

 mentioned poisonings from phosphorus, arsenic, mercury, lead, 

 carbolic acid, alcohol, chloroform, colchicum, opium and morphine, 

 red poppy, agrostemma githago, chick pea, taxus, digitalis, aloes, 

 lupines, equisetum, cantharides, snake bites and toxins (meat and 

 mushroom poisoning). 



Drugs. — In veterinary practice, the most frequently used 

 excitants are the alkaloids (which are the mostpowerful stimulants), 

 alcoholic and ethereal preparations, ethereal oils and inorganic 

 compounds. The most important are given below in the order of 

 their strength : 



1. Strychnina. Strychnine. The principal remedy in spinal 



