VACCINATION. IMMUNIZATION. INOCULATION 245 



must be laid down. Vaccination on the ear is not entirely without danger on 

 account of the proximity of the eye. The instrument used is either a fine and 

 pointed vaccinating needle with a spoon-Uke excavation, or a vaccination 

 lancet. In vaccinating an entire flock, it is an advantage, when time will 

 permit, to make a preliminary or test vaccination of six to twelve animals. 

 The vaccinated sheep show an entirely regular pox exanthema which is hmited 

 to the point of vaccination, and very mild general symptoms. The pox become 

 ripe on the tenth day after vaccination. Exceptionally, the pox do not 

 develop at the point of vaccination but in the surrounding area (accessory 

 pox); very rarely, a general eruption of pox is observed following the vaccina- 

 tion eruption (secondary pox). The after-treatment consists in protecting 

 the vaccinated animals from unfavorable weather and providing them with 

 suitable food. In addition, an examination of the flock should be made in 

 ten to twelve days and those a nim als again vaccinated in which the first 

 vaccination was not eff'ective. 



In place of ovination, serum vaccination, serum therapy and simultaneous 

 inoculation with unmune serum and virulent lymph are also recommended 

 (France, Roumania). 



Rinderpest.— 1. The Old Subottaneotjs Method.— On the steppes of 

 Russia, where this form of vaccination was practised as early as the middle 

 of the eighteenth century, it was formerly employed as a prophylactic measure; 

 but only in the form of emergency and precautionary vaccination, never as 

 protective vaccination, because of the great risk of spreading the disease by 

 the latter. At the present time there are four vaccination institutes in Russia 

 (Kharkov, Karlovka in Poltava, Bondarewka m Kherson, and Salmysch in 

 the Orenburg government), but vaccination is falling more and more into disuse. 

 In Germany and the other European countries, except Russia, emergency 

 vaccination is not permitted, because in them veterinary pohce measures, 

 i.e., slaughter, are much more effective and certain and because the mortality 

 from the vaccination of ordinary cattle is much too high. The mortahty 

 among the cattle of the steppes from vaccination is only about 10 per cent., 

 while among the other breeds it is 36 per cent. Toward the end of the out^ 

 break favorable results from vaccination are relatively more frequent. The 

 technique of the vaccination is simple. A clean sponge is placed in the nostril 

 and permitted to remain there until it has absorbed its fill of nasal mucus, 

 when it is removed and the contents expressed into a small glass vessel, which 

 is closed. A drop of this material is then mjected under the skin of the neck 

 with a Sticker syringe. 



2. Bile Inoculation According to Koch.— During his investigations 

 into the cause of rinderpest in South Africa (Kimberiey) m 1897, Koch found 

 that the bile as well as the blood-serum of cattle that had passed through an 



