246 GENERAL THERAPEUTICS FOR VETERINARIANS 



attack of the disease possessed immunizing properties. The bile vaccination 

 consists simply of a single subcutaneous injection into healthy cattle of bile 

 (10 c.c.) from cattle affected with rinderpest or which have passed through an 

 attack of the disease. Six to 10 days after vaccination, an immunity is estab- 

 lished which continues 4 to 6 months. The local effect consists of a hard swell- 

 ing of the size of the fist, which disappears after a few weeks. Protective 

 vaccination with bile is of extraordinary value in infected regions. Kohlstock, 

 who introduced Koch's method of vaccination into German Southwest Africa, 

 recommends a double vaccination of bile and rinderpest blood (emergency 

 vaccination). This double vaccination was later approved by Koch. Accord- 

 ing to KoUe, Koch's bile method has the disadvantage that the animal is 

 susceptible to infection for a whole week after vaccination. Furthermore, it 

 is necessary to slaughter 3 to 7 diseased or recovered animals to obtain suffi- 

 cient bile to vaccinate 100 cattle. The mixture of bile and glycerin proposed 

 by Edington is without value, as the addition of the glycerin reduces the 

 degree as well as the continuance of the immunity. According to Hutcheon, 

 Koch's bile vaccination method has been abandoned entirely in Cape Colony 

 on account of its great imperfection. 



3. Serum Vaccination. — This method requires 100 c.c. of blood-serum 

 and produces only a passive immunity of short duration. It may be used to 

 separate an infected region from a rinderpest-free region by creating a broad 

 immunized area around the infected region. It has preference over the bile 

 vaccination in that it is effective in the incubation period of rinderpest. 



4. Simultaneous Vaccination. — KoUe and Turner recommend the simul- 

 taneous injection of 1 c.c. of virulent rinderpest blood upon one side of the 

 body and the injection of 15 to 40 c.c. of serum upon the other. This method 

 confers an immunity for five months. Koch and Theiler have raised the 

 objection against the simultaneous method that piroplasmse (infectious haemo- 

 globinuria) and trypanosomes may be inoculated with the rinderpest blood 

 in regions infected with these parasites. 



Black Leg. — 1. The Lyons Method of vaccination was discovered by 

 Arloing, Comevin, and Thomas. In 1880 and 1885 they vaccinated intra- 

 venously, but with great losses. They therefore later selected the subcutis at 

 the end of the tail as the point of vaccination, because they had found that the 

 black leg virus when introduced here produced only a temporary harmless 

 swelling but nevertheless established subsequently a complete immunity. 

 The slight reaction at this point is ex-plained, in their opinion, by the density 

 of the connective tissue and the low temperature existing there, both of which 

 conditions prevent the spread of the black leg bacilli through the connective 

 tissue spaces. In addition, they also weakened the black leg virus before 

 injection by exposing it to high degrees of temperature. The preparation of 



