HUMAN AND ANIMAL EVOLUTION CONTRASTED 3 



theory of evolution as concerns animals, we are log- 

 ically forced to admit a similar natural origin of 

 physical man. 



Mental Evolution. — The problem of the origin of 

 mental man is not so clearly nor so easily settled. 

 When his mind is taken into consideration, man 

 stands on a pinnacle by himself, so widely separated 

 from lower animals that to some there has seemed to 

 be an impassable gulf between him and the animal 

 world. Various attempts have been made to define 

 this mental distinction between man and animals. 

 Likenesses between them are evident enough. Ani- 

 mals certainly have some powers of thinking; some 

 have a memory and are taught by experience. Their 

 sensations appear to be like those of man; and this 

 is true also of their emotions, for fear, affection, 

 anger, jealousy, love and the like are clearly seen 

 among some of the higher animals. While man 

 alone may be said to reason, still something at least 

 faintly resembling reasoning may be seen among cer- 

 tain animals. Man alone has been said to make and 

 use tools ; but monkeys certainly learn to use tools, 

 for thev sometimes utilize sticks and stones for their 

 own purposes; and it must be remembered that the 

 oldest records of mankind definitely tell of a period 

 in his history when he too simply used the sticks and 

 stones which he found at hand as a first step toward 

 the manufacture of tools for his own definite ends. 

 To be sure, man did not stop at this point, but passed 

 upward to the higher plane of tool making, as well 

 as tool using, and why he did so while animals have 

 not, it will be for us to inquire later. But surely we 

 cannot find any radical separation between man and 

 animals at this point of the use of tools when we find 



