THE EVOLUTION OF MORAL CODES 81 



in schools ; birds flock togetlier, and one cannot watch 

 a flock of birds without being convinced that they 

 take pleasure in each other's company. Among 

 mammals examples are too well known to need atten- 

 tion. While some, like lions or tigers, live solitary 

 lives except at the breeding seasons, most mammals 

 live in companies. These groups are doubtless gen- 

 erally for the purpose of protection, but this does not 

 make them any less significant. That the members 

 of such groups take pleasure in each other's society 

 is evident to anyone who has taken the trouble to 

 watch a cage of monkeys, or to notice the friendship 

 of dogs. Animals have a deal of altruism mixed 

 with their egoism. "While these social instincts are 

 by no means universal, we find them especially well 

 developed among the higher animals. As we ap- 

 proach man, among the monkeys, we find such 

 instincts not only well developed but in some respects 

 closely resembling the social habits of low savages. 



The struggle for the life of the species and the 

 social instincts are the two foundation stones out of 

 which seemingly the moral sense must have been 

 developed. At all events, these are the only two 

 animal instincts which seem to promise any aid in ac- 

 counting for the human moral nature. But it is pal- 

 pably evident that the instinct that leads to the 

 preservation of the race and the social instinct are 

 neither one, nor both together, similar to the moral 

 nature of man. The ethical nature of the human race 

 has passed far beyond these instincts into totally new 

 realms of activities. But it would seem to be a fair 

 statement of the case to say that while these instincts, 

 for race preservation and for jocial life, are innate, 

 and hence due to organic inheritance, the rest of the 



