THE BEGINNINGS OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION 151 



creasing organization and a constant growth of 

 organized communities. 



If the low races of men are divided in accordance 

 with the grade of their civilization, this division is 

 parallel to the size of the groups of men that remain 

 associated together. The divisions of civilization 

 generally recognized are three: savagery, barba- 

 rism, and civilization — different stages indicated by 

 the development of the arts and the general intelli- 

 gence possessed by the groups. But it is striking to 

 find that, after having once made these divisions, 

 they are easily designated numerically, and even sub- 

 divided according to the size of tribes. The savages 

 which are regarded as the lowest savages roam in 

 groups composed of no more than from ten to forty 

 members. Middle savages in groups from fifty to 

 one hundred. The higher savages are in groups of 

 from one hundred to five hundred. Among the lower 

 barbarians we find associations of from one thousand 

 to five thousand men. The middle barbarians, with 

 a little higher grade of civilization, may be grouped 

 in numbers as high as one hundred thousand. 

 Among the higher barbarians the associations may 

 rise to five hundred thousand. When we turn from 

 these to civilized races we find in successive stages of 

 civilization the nations of men ranged from a 

 million up to the hundred or more millions that con- 

 stitute the nations of modern times. Of course it is 

 not meant to imply that the grade of civilization of 

 the higher nations is strictly parallel to the size of 

 the nations, for after the numbers reach into the 

 many millions other factors besides numbers have 

 an increasingly important influence. But it is 

 clearly no mere accident that the grade of develop- 



