GROWTH OF TYPES OF ORGANIZATION 165 



duty, and there was thus lacking the cementing force 

 which has controlled the development of the Oriental 

 nations. Rivalries between leaders were perpetual. 

 Revolts from a leader who tried to exercise greater 

 power than his subjects wanted to give him were the 

 rule. Disintegration was an inevitable tendency of 

 the communal system. 



In the purely communal system there is a strong 

 opposition to monarchy and despotism. The influ- 

 ence of individuals and the love of power have how- 

 ever here, as well as elsewhere, produced kings and 

 tyrants; but the people of communal nations have 

 never readily accepted a condition of monarchy. It 

 is true that in late centuries monarchy has been in- 

 grafted upon many of the communal nations, since 

 the monarch of a modern European nation is, in a 

 sense, similar to that of the Oriental nation. But we 

 must not fail to recognize that monarchy is new 

 among these nations, and has been brought upon 

 them in recent centuries rather by the conditions of 

 things than as resulting from a national condition 

 itself, and in the communal nations where monarchy 

 has developed it is practically always limited by law 

 and custom. In these nations, while the ruling 

 classes try to instill the idea of the divine right of 

 kings upon the nation, the people in general repudi- 

 ate such a notion. The nations that have arisen 

 from a communistic race — the whole Aryan race — 

 have had a tendency to found their government upon 

 individualism, and, in general, refuse to look upon 

 the reigning monarch as anything more than a man 

 like themselves, to whom, for purposes of proper 

 control of the masses, has been delegated the power 

 of ruling. That kings receive their power from 



