FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION 205 



inents, and impels him to do what he feels is right, 

 even though his intelligence tells him that the result 

 of the action will be disastrous to himself. This feel- 

 ing of oughtness is not equally strong in all men. 

 With some it is very slight. But a certain amount of 

 it is found in all normal individuals, and when found 

 it always urges action upon certain lines, irrespec- 

 tive of argument. The two phases of mental action, 

 intellect and the moral sense, are then in the sharpest 

 contrast with each other. The one is based on reason, 

 while the other overrides reason, although it may 

 contain an intellectual factor. The one is calculating 

 and slow, the other impulsive and quick. The one is 

 certainly based upon social heredity, the other is the 

 result of organic inheritance. In making this last 

 statement we must clearly recognize that it is only 

 the primary impulses of ethics that are thus based 

 upon organic inheritance and not the educated con- 

 science. The latter, which really represents the ethi- 

 cal nature of adult man, is largely a matter of the 

 action of the environment upon him. But the funda- 

 mental impulses which underlie ethics are inherent 

 and thus due to organic inheritance. 



Since then there are two radically different types 

 of mental action the question for us next to consider 

 is, "Which of the two types has laid the foundation 

 of the evolution of society and which has built upon 

 that foundation the superstructure which we call civ- 

 ilization! Has social evolution been intellectual or 

 ethical? 



Of course no doubt can be raised that both phases 

 of mental activity have contributed toward human 

 evolution. The intellectual side of man has been at 

 work in legislation, in the formulation of laws, in the 



