206 SOCIAL HEREDITY AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION 



development of customs, arts, and industries, with- 

 out whicli modern civilization would have been im- 

 possible. On the other hand, the ethical nature in- 

 volves the whole series of religious beliefs, and these, 

 manifestly, have been gigantic factors in the evolu- 

 tion of civilization. It is, however, a matter of im- 

 portance to determine which has been fundamental. 

 If it should prove that civilization had been based 

 upon intelligence, then, clearly enough, the proper 

 course for man to adopt, either for the purpose of 

 advancing civilization, or of remedying its ills, would 

 be to adopt every means for developing the intellec- 

 tual side of nature. Education would then be the 

 requisite for the future. If, on the other hand, it 

 should appear that civilization is dependent upon 

 ethics, then the development of the future would 

 surely be dependent upon conscience, and our hope in 

 the future would lie, not in education, but morality ; 

 not in schools alone, but in churches. The question is 

 a fundamental one and certainly worthy of the clos- 

 est attention. 



To answer this question, we inquire first as to the 

 foundation of the immense power in the hands of 

 twentieth-century man. What difference between 

 civilized man and the savage explains the mighty con- 

 trast between them? The answer to this question is, 

 clearly, Organization. Without organization civil- 

 ization had been impossible. The truth of this con- 

 clusion is evident enough if we compare the power 

 that is in the hand of a savage chieftain with that 

 which is in the hand of the emperor of a modern 

 nation. Even though the intellectual power of the 

 two be exactly the same, the actual power of the one 

 is vastly superior to the other. Organization is the 



