FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION 221 



to a man. They forgot the justice or injustice of the 

 case and were simply controlled by love for country. 

 It must not be inferred, however, that intelligence 

 has played no part in the development of civiliza- 

 tion. Nothing could be more absurd than such a 

 claim, for intelligence has ever been a most potent 

 factor. It has constantly aided in determining the 

 direction in which the emotions are turned. Even 

 the emotions of the mob are determined in consider- 

 able measure by intelligence. A mob in an educated 

 nation will behave differently from a mob of savages, 

 and their intelligence formulates the impulses of the 

 masses. It trains the minds of individuals, and indi- 

 vidual training is a primary factor in determining 

 the direction in which emotions tend. Intelligence 

 likewise makes laws and creates conditions — two im- 

 portant factors in guiding emotions. Reason, when 

 highly developed in an individual, may be paramount 

 in its power. Intelligence may be supreme in tell- 

 ing the standard-bearer where to place his standard, 

 although it is emotion which brings the army flock- 

 ing around the standard. While ethics is based upon 

 emotion rather than reason, it is clear that, were it 

 not for the influence of intelligence, the ethical nature 

 could not have advanced. It is intelligence that 

 shows to one person the evils of slavery and enables 

 him so to work upon the emotions of the masses as to 

 arouse a concerted action which will crush the evil. 

 It is reason that shows the general how he can suc- 

 cessfully use the force which the allegiance of his 

 army puts in his hands. It is intelligence that en- 

 ables the one individual to see what it is that the 

 working class should demand from their employers, 

 and that enables him to make himself a leader in 



