SOCIAL EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL HEREDITY 281 



in such a way as to make harmony a possibility. 

 While these codes of morals have necessarily a few 

 fundamental points of likeness among all men, in 

 most respects they are as widely divergent as are 

 the social conditions under which they have devel- 

 oped. 



Civilization a Purely Artificial Product -^~- 



We must first point out that civilization is simply 

 an artificial product, created by man and not bjiitf^ 

 into his nature. Social evolution has not strictly 

 been an organic one, but something different from 

 all other phases of evolution. Animal evolution, in 

 general, has been connected with anatomical and 

 structural changes in organisms. The zoologists 

 have studied evolution almost wholly from the stand- 

 point of structure. They have tried to show how an 

 arm may have developed from a leg under the con- 

 ditions of natural law. They have tried to show how 

 the leg of early reptiles may have become changed 

 by adaptation to new conditions until it developed 

 into a wing ; or how such a complicated organ as the 

 eye may have been built up, step by step, from 

 simple organs with a diiferent structure and adapted 

 perhaps to a different purpose. Such problems as 

 these constitute structural evolution, which zoolo- 

 gists have of necessity been studying. They have 

 studied this side almost exclusively, since the struc- 

 tures of animals and plants lend themselves readily 

 to the scientific method of investigation. The size of 

 an organ may be measured, its shape described, and 

 its homologies drawn. This has been the basis of 

 the discussion of evolution which was inaugurated 

 by Darwin. 



