SOCIAL EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL HEREDITY 295 



man to his conditions, and produces totally differ- 

 ent results. How much difference in the tendencies 

 could be produced by changing environment is diffi- 

 cult to say. If the children of the Jukes or Callicax 

 families could have been reared in the families of the 

 Edwardses, and the children of the Edwards family 

 reared under the conditions of vice and criminality 

 surrounding the Jukes family, what would have 

 been the result? No one, of course, can answer 

 such a question ; but it is safe to say that there would 

 not have been as many criminals in the Jukes family 

 nor as many college presidents or other men of note 

 in the Edwards family. With the same moral inher- 

 itance it is perfectly sure that environment may 

 make quite different results in different cases. 



Nevertheless, there must be a substratum in the 

 nature of man upon which is built the moral system 

 of the individual. Each individual is born with cer- 

 tain innate powers, and it is these powers which are 

 molded by the environment. The child of the savage, 

 even at birth, is not just the same as the child of the 

 European, and while we must admit that the same 

 individual brought up under different conditions 

 would develop a different type of morality, it is no 

 less true that the raw material out of which the 

 moral nature is developed varies in different races 

 of men. The innate powers of a twentieth-century 

 man are probably, both intellectually and morally, 

 different from the innate powers of an individual of 

 the twentieth century before Christ. These differ- 

 ences furnish the basis upon which may be erected 

 the intellectual and moral structure built by man. 

 In the realm of morals it is this innate nature which 

 urges the man to follow ivhat he thinks is right, 



