VI] REDWOOD AND MAMMOTH TREES 103 



are associated fragments of Magnolia, Vitis, and 

 Taxodium dlstichum, the swamp Cypress of North 

 America, together with other types which have long 

 ceased to exist in Western Europe. Other British 

 examples of Sequoia have been described from 

 Tertiary beds at Bournemouth, the Isle of Wight, 

 Sheppey, and Antrim, but the material from these 

 localities is inferior in preservation and cannot be 

 identified with the same degree of certainty as in the 

 case of the Devonshire specimens. The occurrence 

 of twigs and cones of several species of Sequoia in 

 both Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks in Austria, 

 Germany, Italy, France, and elsewhere, shows that 

 the ancestors of the Californian trees were common 

 in the European region. 



The exploration of Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks 

 in Arctic Europe has revealed the former existence in 

 Greenland, Spitzbergen, and other more or less ice- 

 covered lands of plants which clearly denote a mild 

 climate. Cones and branches of Sequoias have been 

 found in abundance in Lower Tertiary beds on Disco 

 Island off the west coast of Greenland, and similar 

 evidence of the northern extension of the genus has 

 been obtained from Spitzbergen. DrNathorst of Stock- 

 holm speaks of twigs of Sequoia in the Tertiary clays 

 of Ellesmere Land almost as perfect as herbarium 

 specimens. In Tertiary beds on the banks of the 

 Mackenzie River, in Alaska, Saghalien Island and 



