calculated confidence intervals using a bootstrap resampling 

 procedure with a sample size of 1000 following methods outlined 

 in Caswell (1989, p. 190). A lambda > 1.0 indicates population 

 increase, while lambda < 1.0 indicates decrease. 



We used 2X2 contingency table analysis to determine 

 whether there were differences in performance of plants in 

 particular life-stages between the treatment and control plots. 

 At each site we compared the number of plants in a life-stage 

 class that had moved to a smaller class (or died) , with the 

 number that had stayed in the same class or moved to a larger 

 class between the treatment and control. Transitions from each 

 of the three yearly intervals were pooled. All plants recorded 

 during the study were either present at the beginning of the 

 study or recruited during its course. The ratio of the latter to 

 the former is a measure of recruitment over the three-year 

 period, and the difference between treatment and control plots 

 was also assessed in a 2 X 2 contingency table. 



Simple population growth rate was calculated as the increase 

 in number of individuals at the end of a time period divided by 

 the number of individuals present at the beginning of the time 

 period. A positive rate indicates that population size has 

 increased. The effect of treatment on fecundity 

 (fruits/ reproductive plant) was analyzed using analysis of 

 variance (ANOVA) on log-transformed data. Statistical 



