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of it : the hrama or court speech, and the ngoko or vulgar 

 dialect. Something of the same kind obtains in Malay, 

 where we have the bahasa dalain and the haliasa dagancj, 

 or " Eaja Malay," and " bazaar Malay," as they are often 

 termed. But the two dialects of Javanese are more dis- 

 tinct. The krama appears to be a factitious language 

 made by changing all familiar words either by altering 

 their terminations, or by adopting words from other lan- 

 guages, and is undoubtedly a modification of Javanese 

 by the Hindu conquerors. It is used by every one in 

 addressing a person of higher rank than the speaker, 

 while the person thus addressed replies in the ngoko, 

 which includes tutoiement among its peculiarities. From 

 this custom it is evident that the lower the rank of the 

 individual, the more frequently he is called upon to use 

 the krama, and the curious result ensues that the poorer 

 class speak the court language far better than do those 

 of high rank. In writing, this court language is always 

 used, though addresses and proclamations are in the 

 vulgar tongue. Still another language, a species of 

 mixture between these two, appears to be in use — the 

 madyo — which is employed among intimates, as is also 

 the ngoko. 



The kawi, first brought prominently into notice by 

 the labours of Wilhelm von Humboldt, was the ancient 

 or religious language, and bears the same relation to the 

 ngoko that Sanscrit does to the modern languages of 

 Hindustan. In Bali and Lombok it is still the language 

 of the priesthood, but in Java it is entirely a dead tongue, 

 only found in ancient inscriptions and manuscripts. Kawi 

 literature is abundant, and is wholly metrical, consisting 

 of romances and histories founded on Hindu legends and 

 ancient Javanese story, the authors and dates of which are 

 entirely unknown. 



