EOENEO 221 



table remains are chiefly, but not entirely, in the lower 

 part of the stratum. Sparingly among them, but more 

 abundantly in the upper half of the thickness of the bed, 

 are found a good many casts of bivalve shells, much like 

 some species of Unio." In some adjacent beds of shale 

 are found marine shells consisting of species of Cardium, 

 Tridacna, Area, Ostrca, Tcllina, Murcx, Turho, Cerithium, 

 and Pecten, all genera now living in the adjacent seas. 



It is remarkable that such an evidently recent forma- 

 tion should be so much upheaved, the coal-measures of 

 Labuan and Brunei dipping from an angle of 24° to 

 nearly or quite vertical, the dip being N.N.W., or about 

 at right angles to the direction of the great chain of 

 mountains which rises nearly parallel to the coast. Mr. 

 Motley's account of this coal formation would lead us 

 to conclude that dense tropical forests growing on an 

 extensive plain or river delta had been suddenly over- 

 thrown by flood or earthquake, or by sudden depression 

 of the land, and had been covered with a deposit of clays 

 or sands. He well remarks on the quantities of trees 

 and shrubs which in the tropics grow on the sea-shore, 

 or even in the salt water, and thus accounts for the 

 presence of marine shells in the shales, and even in the 

 coal itself 



Until recently, Borneo was supposed to differ from all 

 the other great islands of the archipelago in not possessiug 

 a single volcano, either active or extinct, but this sup- 

 position has lately been shown to be not quite correct. 

 It is highly improbable that Ivinabalu is volcanic, as 

 Mr. Little, who ascended one of its peaks in 1887, de- 

 clared, but a small volcano, which is probably of late 

 Miocene or Pliocene age, was discovered by the mining- 

 engineer Van Schelle in the Menteradu district, situated 

 to the west of the Bawang Mountains, and about 40 miles 



