BORNEO 27;' 



natives seven years later. About 50 miles farther ii]i 

 the river is Martapura, in the neighbcjurhood ot which 

 are extensive coal-fields. It was in tliis district and the 

 Negara valley that the first settlements of tlie Juvane.se 

 were established, and various ruins of temples and other 

 buildings still remain as memorials of Hindu intlucnee, 

 and are especially numerous near Anumtai. 



On the east coast, some 50 miles nortli of I'ulo 

 Laut. is Pasir, a small independent state, ruled by a 

 Sultan, who, thougli under the suzerainty of Holhmd, has 

 as yet no Dutch official attached to his court. The 

 capital, of the same name, is situated about 40 miles 

 up an estuary, and is said to have 20,000 inhabitants. 

 Among them are large numbers of Bugis from the 

 Celebes coast, who principally carry on the trade, which 

 consists almost entirely of forest produce. The em- 

 bouchure of the Mahakkam or Koti river is the seat of 

 two or three large towns, and here likewise there is con- 

 siderable commercial activity. The State is a semi- 

 independent Sultanate, the nominal capital of which, 

 Tangarung, is situated about 60 miles up the river. 

 The real centre of trade is at Samariuda, where the 

 Dutch have an Assistant Eesident. Here may be seen 

 the same separation of the inhabitants into special 

 quarters according to their nationality, and the same 

 semi-aquatic life, which is noticeable in many Malay and 

 most Bornean towns. The Bugis are especially strong in 

 Samarinda, having their own laws and chiefs, and ruling 

 the markets. The inhabitants of the upper waters of 

 the Koti and Barito rivers are Kayans, the most powerful 

 and widely-distributed race of all the Dyaks of Borneo. 



Three small archipelagoes of islands belonging to the 

 Dutch lie off the north-western point of Borneo — the 

 Natuna, Anamba, and Tambilan groups. They are all 



T 



