260 



MANUAL OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



sulphates and chlorides. The urine of the latter, therefore, 

 is found to effervesce on the addition of an acid. The chief 

 metallic elements found in the urine are sodium, magne- 

 sium, calcium, and potassium. 



Von Bibra found in 1,000 parts of the urine of the horse 

 42-20 parts of salts, which were composed of 78-37 per 

 cent, of carbonates of lime, magnesium, potassium, and 

 sodium ; 13-04 per cent, of sulphate of potassium ; 6-94 of 

 chloride of sodium, and -055 of silica. 



The deposit which settled on allowing the urine to rest, 

 being analyzed three times by Von Bibra, was found by 

 him to have the following composition : 



THE URINE IN DISEASE.— In some diseases one or 

 more of the normal constituents of the urine are increased, 

 while in other affections they may be diminished in amount. 

 Moreover, various abnormal constituents may be found in 

 the urine in disease which are not present in health. 



INCREASE OR DIMINUTION OF THE NORMAL 

 CONSTITUENTS.— The amount of urine passed varies 

 considerably, even in health. Some diseases, however, are 

 especially characterized by an increase, while in others the 

 secretion is much diminished. The urine is always scanty 

 in febrile conditions and in acute inflammation of the 

 kidneys, and may be almost or quite suppressed, as in 

 collapse. 



In diabetes insipidus, or hydruria, and in certain other 

 conditions, as when diuretics are taken, the urine is in- 



