CHAPARRAL 469 



with dry and sometimes hot summers but with compara- 

 tively mild wet winters. The plants themselves are 

 shrubs or small trees mostly equipped with thick shiny 

 leaves able to endure the heat and drought of summer 

 without losing so much water from, the leaves as to do 

 them serious injury. They usually put out fresh green 

 leaves during the wet season -and so are able to make 

 the best use of them during the time when conditions 



Fig. 136. — Aquatic Vegetation in a protected bay of a Michigan 

 lake. Rushes in shallow water in foreground. The floating leaves 

 farther out are those of water-lilies and the water smartweed. There 

 are also seven or eight kinds of submersed aquatic plants, in places 

 where the depth is from two to ten feet. The forest on the farther 

 shore consists of beech, hard maple, hemlock, elm, and paper birch. 

 (H. A. Gleason.) 



for photosynthesis are most favorable. As the season 

 advances and the soil and air become dryer and dryer, 

 the leaves deposit over their surfaces a shiny layer of 

 waterproofing cutin. They can still do some photo- 

 synthesis, and yet have, restricted water loss to a safe 

 rate. This vegetation type merges into true forest in 

 moister situations on north hillsides and into grassland 

 on the dryer sides. 



