SUB-SPECIES OF MODERN MAN 503 



are all fairly closely related modifications of a single 

 stream or branch of the human race. This conclusion 

 rests not only on physical measurements, but on many 

 similarities relating to tools, weapons, buildings, customs, 

 language and legends. 



It appears therefore probable that from time to time 

 adventurous spirits, in search of new hunting grounds, 

 either actually crossed a land bridge uniting Asia with 

 Alaska or travelled in canoes. When the first migra- 

 tion occurred is unknown. The oldest human remains 

 in North America do not appear to be older than recent 

 glacial times, and accordingly may not be over 25,000 

 years old. In South America there is no conclusive 

 evidence of man earlier than 5,000 years ago. 



Sub-Species of Modern Man. — From the picture 

 drawn in the foregoing paragraphs, it is seen that the 

 human race emerged perhaps 2,000,000 years ago; that 

 it gradually evolved in different directions; and that all 

 of the branches with one exception have become extinct. 

 This exception represents the single species of modern 

 man, which long ago also underwent evolutionary 

 changes resulting, according to one view, in the produc- 

 tion of four sub-species sometimes termed races. 



The first of these is the Australian represented by 

 the chocolate-colored, tall and long-limbed natives of 

 Australia and Hindustan. The second sub-species is the 

 Negroid with flattened nose and woolly hair and black 

 or chocolate-colored skin. The races of Madagascar and 

 Africa south of the Sahara belong to this group. The 

 third or Mongolian sub-species is short, thick-set with 

 oblique eyes, coarse black hair and golden or reddish- 

 brown skin. This type is widely distributed over Asia 

 and Polynesia and likewise includes the native races of 

 the New World. Finally, there remains the Caucasian, 

 with white or slightly dark skin, whose division into the 

 Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic has been mentioned 

 in a previous paragraph. 



